Steve Weinberg
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1979

Steven Weinberg holds the Josey Regental Chair in Science at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is a member of the Physics and Astronomy Departments. His research on elementary particles and cosmology has been honored with numerous prizes and awards. In 1979, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a field theory that unifies the weak and electromagnetic nuclear forces within the atom.
In 1991, Weinberg was presented the National Medal of Science. In 2004, he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society, with a citation saying he is "considered by many to be the preeminent theoretical physicist alive in the world today."
Among his many writings on theoretical physics are several books for scientists and lay readers alike, including The First Three Minutes, an eye-opening look at the origins of thsocial commentary and for his views on the essential role of science in society. Many of his writings on these and other subjects have appeared in The New York Review of Books.
“Science can tell you how to achieve certain things if you want to achieve them,” Dr. Weinberg told Turk Pipkin during their conversations for Nobelity,“ but it can’t tell you what you ought to achieve. There is an unbridgeable gulf between questions of what is and questions of what ought to happen”
Steve Weinberg also works closely with the Union of Concerned Scientists an independent nonprofit alliance of more than 100,000 concerned citizens and scientists which augments scientific analysis with innovative thinking and committed citizen advocacy to build a cleaner, healthier environment and a safer world.

“We can’t escape the moral choice.”
- Steven Weinberg

To learn more about the Union of Concerned Scientists, go to www.UCSUSA.org

Richard E. Smalley
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1996

Dr. Richard Smalley was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the Buckministerfullerene or Buckyball, a unique molecular structure comprised of 60 carbon atoms. Some of the strongest materials ever discovered, carbon nanostructures are currently being used in numerous practical applications.
Smalley’s interest in science began in his early teens, and he has been an eloquent spokesman for the need to educate a new generation of scientists to find solutions to the world’s problems. “Be a Scientist — Save the World” was the title of his lecture on the great energy challenges we face in the coming decades. Finding a new source of clean and reliable energy,” he argued, “would enable us to solve numerous other world problems, including the need for clean water and plentiful food.”
“There are good things about challenges,” Smalley told Turk Pipkin while filming at Smalley’s office at Rice University. “Challenge brings forth the best instincts of our youth and ourselves, and urges us on to develop technologies that would otherwise not get developed, so I see this as a good opportunity for the nation to seize on, and frankly for the world.”
After a long battle with Leukemia, Rick Smalley passed away at age 62 on October 28, 2005. He will be greatly missed by his family, students, colleagues and the world of science. Smalley’s family has requested donations in his memory be made to the Smalley-Curl Fund for Innovation c/o Rice University, P. O. Box 1892 (MS100), Houston, TX 77251-1892.

“Energy is the largest enterprise of the human endeavor, about 3 trillion dollars a year. Right now, the world runs on 14.4 trillion watts. By mid-century, most estimates of requirements for energy are at least twice that amount.
“If fossil energy remains our source of energy prosperity for the planet… it’s going to be an unpleasant century. “

-Rick Smalley

Dr. Harold E. Varmus,
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1989

Former Director of the National Institute of Health under President Clinton, Dr. Harold Varmus is currently the President of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.  A noted cancer biologist, Varmus is also a cyclist, and a passionate advocate for increased health care spending and medical research around the world.
“As a fraction of our gross national product, the U.S. is at the bottom of the 22 wealthiest nations on a list of donors,” he pointed out to Turk Pipkin during filming for Nobelity. “Furthermore, only one-eighth of our foreign aid goes to health, and it doesn’t all go to the poorest countries.”
In 1989, Harold Varmus was awarded the Nobel Prize with Michael Bishop in recognition of their breakthrough research in identifying oncogenes, the discovery of which has dramatically improved our ability to understand and control cancer.
Dr. Varmus is also the co-founder of the Public Library of Science, a nonprofit organization of scientists and physicians committed to opening the doors to the world's library of scientific knowledge by giving any scientist, physician, patient, or student – anywhere in the world – unlimited access to the latest scientific research.

To learn more about the Public Library of Science, go to:  www.plos.org

Jody Williams
Nobel Peace Prize, 1997

Along with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), which she helped to found, Jody Williams was awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1997 for her work in the creation of an international treaty banning antipersonnel landmines.  At that time of the ICBL’s founding, tens of millions of mines were deployed around the world in 80 countries, and each year mines were claiming as many as fifty thousand new victims — most of them civilians, many of them children — who were crippled, maimed and blinded by mines.
The treaty has since been signed by 152 countries (but not the U.S.), and more than 1,100 square kilometers of land have been cleared, destroying 4 million antipersonnel mines, nearly 1 million anti-vehicle mines, and many more millions of pieces of unexploded ordnance. Adding to these accomplishments, 62 million stockpiled antipersonnel mines have been destroyed.
In addition to being the chief strategist and spokesperson for the Campaign, Ms. Williams is an eloquent speaker on human rights, on the role of civil society in international diplomacy, and on individual initiative in bringing about social change.
“Every act you take on this planet contributes in one way or another to an outcome,” says Jody.“ When we launched the Mine ban, we didn’t know what we would accomplish. But we did know it was the right thing to do.”

“There’s nothing magical about change. If someone wants to change the world, it takes getting up off your ass and caring enough to take the first step to contribute to change on an issue you care about. It’s not a magical vision for the future. It’s being the future you want to see.”

-Jody Williams

To learn more about the Landmine Campaign, go to: www.icbl.org

 

Ahmed Zewail
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999

The Linus Pauling Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, Ahmed Zewail was educated in his native Egypt before coming to America to attend Alexandria University and the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his PhD.
Zewail was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his seminal work in the field of femtochemistry, which made it possible to observe molecular changes measured in femtoseconds, a measurement equal to a millionth of a billionth of a second. This work has greatly expanded our understanding of molecular structure and the dynamics of matter, and has led to entire new fields of practical applications in technology and life sciences.
Well-known for his public lectures and writings on science, technology, education and world affairs, Zewail is the author of the book, Voyage through Time—Walks of Life to the Nobel Prize in which he suggests a concrete course of action to address problems in the world of the have-nots.
Pointing out that he is an Egyptian, an Arab, an African; a Middle Easterner, a Mediterranean and an American, Zewail is well aware of his unique perspective on East-West relations.

“The key, in my opinion, is to learn how to build bridges between humans, to build bridges between cultures and to build bridges between nations, and not to use a program of conflict of civilizations, and conflict of religions.”

-Ahmed Zewail

Wangari Maathai
Nobel Peace Prize, 2004

The first environmentalist to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, Wangari Muta Maathai is the founder of Kenya’s Green Belt Movement (GBM), a grassroots non-governmental organization (NGO) which has created opportunity and change in the life of rural African women and dramatically improved the Kenyan environment through the planting of 30 million trees.
The first woman in East and Central Africa to earn a doctorate degree, Prof. Maathai earned degrees in the U.S. and in Kenya, where her work with the National Council of Women inspired her to create program of planting trees by rural people — primarily women — in order to conserve the environment and improve quality of life.
Wangari Maathai’s struggle for democracy, human rights and environmental conservation in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa resulted in her being beaten unconscious and jailed on multiple occasions, but her persistence has fostered incredible change in Kenya, where she received 98% of the vote in her election to Parliament
Prof. Maathai travels the globe in support of development and reform in Africa.

“Development agencies and governments need to understand that development doesn’t come — hasn’t come from anywhere — until the people themselves work with their own hands and engage themselves and change! Because they change the environment in which they live but they also change themselves, and that’s what is very important in Africa.”

                                    -Wangari Maathai

For more information on the Green Belt Movement, got to:
www.greenbeltmovement.org

Sir Joseph Rotblat
Nobel Peace Prize, 1995

Born in Poland where he received his PhD, nuclear physicist and peace activist Sir Joseph Rotblat spent the past sixty years fighting against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Along with Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell, Rotblat was one of eleven scientists who in 1955 signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, a letter to the world calling for a total ban of nuclear weapons.
“I was the youngest of the people who signed,” Rotblat explained to Turk Pipkin at Rotblat’s home in the suburbs of London, “and now I am the only one still alive. This is the reason why I feel it is my duty, indeed it is my mission for the remaining days of my life, to alert the world to the continuing dangers of nuclear weapons.”
In 1957, Rotblat was one of the founders of the Pugwash Conferences, a series of global gathering of scientists, scholars and public figures working to reduce the danger of armed conflict, and to seek cooperative solutions for global problems. Knighted in 1998, Rotblat published several works on the Pugwash movement, nuclear physics, and world peace.
Joseph Rotblat passed away in 2005, not long after his conversations with Turk Pipkin for the film Nobelity.
“As long as nuclear weapons exist,” Sir Joseph told Turk, “Sooner or later they will be used.
Though Rotblat feels the United States is now engaged in an overall policy of proliferation, he is confident that a return to our commitments to further reduce nuclear weapons — already pledged under the Non-Proliferation Treaty — would inspire the other nations to follow suit.

 

“’Shall we put an end to the human race or shall mankind denounce war?’ Albert Einstein said this. He thought the problem was stark and inescapable.”

-Sir Joseph Rotblat

To learn more about nuclear disarmament, go to: www.pugwash.org

Amartya Sen
Nobel Prize in Economics, 1998

Indian economist Amartya Sen is one of the world’s leading authorities on human development, human rights, and the causes of famine. Currently the Lamont University Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University, Sen is the author of numerous books, including the landmark work, Development as Freedom, in which he demonstrates that famine is not caused by a lack of food, but by an inability to purchase or acquire food due to poverty or a lack of a variety of freedoms.
In his latest book, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (Issues of Our Time), Sen argues that the antidote to divisive extremism lies in the freedom to choose one's identity affiliations rather than being labeled by narrow definitions of religion, class, sex or politics.
Born in Santiniketan, India, in 1933, Sen’s research and writing has been in the fields of social choice theory, welfare economics, and political philosophy. A strong proponent of women’s rights, he has studied and written about the links between women’s education and literacy and the reduction of birthrates in the developing world. On the meaning of freedom, Sen argues that freedom is not simply defined by the right to vote, but also by freedom from the insecurities of terrorism, from the lack of healthcare, and the freedom not to starve.
Meeting with Turk Pipkin at his boyhood home in Santiniketan – which means “World of Peace” – Sen’s thoughts in Nobelity are eye-opening.
“It’s not often recognized that on 9/11/2001,” Sen pointed out, “more people died of AIDS than died of violence. On 9/11, and on every other day, many more times people die from preventable or manageable illnesses like AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis. That doesn’t reduce the importance of fighting terrorism, but along with that we have to engage the much bigger killers in the world.”
Sen is also an Honorary Advisor —and the former Honorary President — of OXFAM, a development, relief, and campaigning organization that works with others to find lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world.

“Knowing what the problem is, recognizing it, is halfway to a solution.”
-Amartya Sen

To learn more, go to: www.oxfam.org

Desmond Tutu
Nobel Peace Prize, 1984

Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as “a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa."
After the fall of apartheid, Tutu headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was widely credited with helping South Africa avoid revenge oriented bloodshed following the fall of Apartheid.
Born in 1931 in Transvaal, Tutu graduated from the University of South Africa and was ordained as a priest in 1960. After studying and teaching in England, in 1975 Tutu was appointed Dean of St. Mary's Cathedral in Johannesburg, the first black to hold that position.
He is the author of numerous books, including the recent “God has a Dream,” in which he argues that God’s dream is that one day we will also realize that we are truly one family, and will treat each other as you would members of your own family.

 “If you want peace, then work for justice. If you want an end to terrorism, then you have to eradicate the root causes, those things that make people feel so desperate that they do desperate things.”

                                             -Desmond Tutu

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